Book of Alan Alford, 'GODS OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM'

Here is an excerpt from Chapter 12 ADAM’S DESIGNER GENES

What is Ageing?
What exactly is the ageing process?

In the past we might have been forgiven for thinking that our bodies simply wore out through the stresses of everyday life. However, we now understand that ageing is genetically pre-programmed into the cells of the human body. We all started our lives as a single cell, namely the female egg known as the ovum.

After fertilization, the ovum contained a complete set of chromosomes (the human genome), half from our mother and half from our father. This genome can be compared to a recipe for building the human body. Shortly after fertilization, the building of our bodies began through a process of cell division, which culminated in hundreds of millions of cells - blood cells, bone cells, muscles, flesh, organs and so on - all necessary to make us the complete human beings that we are.

Even into adult life, most of our cells continue to divide. This splitting of one cell into two involves a duplicating of the genetic message (the human genome) which is carried on the 46 chromosomes in every human cell. But instead of an exact duplication, our genetic program is being gradually eroded by an imperfect copying process.

And, when enough of these mistakes have accumulated in our cells, the effects of ageing become visible. It is these genetic errors (or mutations) that cause the greying of our hair when the pigment cells in the scalp cease to function. Similar factors cause our bones to weaken, our joints to shrink and our spines to curve.

Geneticist Steve Jones describes it as a “biological identity crisis” and explains that our ageing bodies are working from “an imperfect instruction manual, full of printing errors”?

Professor Rajinder Sohal of the Southern Methodist University in Dallas states that:
“after the age of 55 human beings go to hell very fast because the rate of deterioration doubles every six years”.
So serious is this escalation in the rate of genetic degradation that, by the time we are 80, a critical one third of our protein has been damaged.

Why should nature have evolved such an imperfect copying system? On the contrary, it would seem that the problem lies not in the genes themselves but in the air that we breathe.

Doug Wallace, head of genetics at Emery University in Atlanta, USA, has spent 25 years studying minute organisms called mitochondria, which exist inside every human cell.

These mitochondria are the power plants of the cells, and thus of the body, synthesizing oxygen (provided by our red blood cells) and other nutrients to provide energy for the cells’ various functions. Wallace, along with many other eminent scientists, believes that excess oxygen, often referred to as “free radicals”, causes corrosive damage to the cells in the same way as oxygen causes cars to rust and butter to go rancid.

Geneticists believe that our genes have evolved maintenance systems in the form of enzymes, built in to the cells, which specify the repair of damage caused by the free radicals. The primary purpose of these enzymes is to constantly travel up and down the chromosomes, checking and correcting any damage. This process is facilitated by the double-stranded nature of the DNA which forms the chromosome.

The DNA double helix is like a spiral ladder with two twisting siderods linked together by numerous rungs in between. The rungs comprise pairs of the DNA letters - A, G, C and T, such that the sequence down the side-rods spells out the DNA words or instructions. Significantly, the rungs can exist only in the combinations of A/T or C/G. This rule enables the enzymes to proof-read the DNA and repair any missing letters.

The system may not be foolproof, however, in the rare event that opposite pairs are simultaneously damaged! It would appear that the process of cell division must be a key feature of the body’s defense system against the attack from free radicals. At a certain point in time, something in the genes instructs the cell to divide into two and thereby renew its defenses.

This involves the simultaneous division of every chromosome within the cell. Ironically, the chromosomes are at their most vulnerable at this time, for the process involves the breakdown of the protecting membrane of the cell nucleus.

Thus exposed, the chromosomes uncoil themselves into straight ladders and divide.

The rungs of the ladder are snapped apart, and the two strands of DNA separate. Any damage to the single strands of DNA at this moment, before they form a new partner strand, may be irreparable. However, studies of mutations show that they are much more common in the non-active or junk DNA, suggesting that the cells contain a mechanism that highlights the active genes as the priority target for protection.

Recent research has begun to provide clues as to the exact process of cell ageing.

Scientists at the Geron Corporation, whose Board of Advisers includes James Watson (from the famous Watson and Crick partnership that discovered the DNA molecule), believe they may have discovered the biological clock, the mechanism that controls life and death in the cell. It is called a telomere - a repeating DNA sequence found at the tail of every chromosome, and often compared to the protective plastic tip of a shoelace.

Every time a cell divides, and the DNA in the chromosome replicates, this tail grows a little shorter. In a baby it is about 20,000 letters long, whilst in a 60-year old it is less than half this. When the telomere has been reduced to a certain point, the cell stops dividing and enters a stage called senescence.

At this point, the cells and their functions suffer an escalating amount of damage. Human cells divide at different rates, and genes have different mutation rates, for reasons that are not entirely clear to scientists. Certain sequences of DNA bases mutate more often than others and this genetic damage occurs at different rates in different parts of the body.

Large genes with more interspersed pieces of DNA are more prone to damage than simpler genes, and, to complicate matters further still, if the genes which specify the self-maintenance system are themselves attacked, the cells will become less effective at repairing the damage, and the speed of deterioration will thus increase.

Ageing is clearly a complex process, with many different body systems going wrong at different times. Two of the most crucial systems are thought to be the brain and the immune system. The brain is unusual in the fact that cell divisions cease at an early stage, followed by a long process of gradual cell deaths. This affects critical faculties such as hearing, sense of smell and memory. The immune system, on the other hand, has (rather curiously) the highest mutation rate of all body cells, and is among the first to fail with age, leaving us susceptible to all manner of diseases.

The combined deterioration of these two systems is central to the ageing process which ends in natural death. Some scientists believe that all aspects of ageing will ultimately be traced to a single gene, named the Methuselah Gene. The vast majority of scientists, however believe ageing to be far more complex.

Hundreds of genes are generally thought to be involved, although some may be more crucial than others. In the end, ageing may come down to just a few dozen critical genes.

*****The Science of Longevity ****
Longevity is the latest genetic science.

Whilst our ancestors such as Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great sought it in the land of the Gods, today our scientists seek it in the laboratories. Whereas previously it was thought that all organisms had a maximum life span fixed by the rate of ageing of their body cells, now it is thought that the body’s genetic program can be changed.

Is immortality thus within our reach?

In June 1995, it was announced that scientists had found a longevity gene that could prolong the life of microscopic earthworms by up to 65 per cent. A team led by Tom Johnson of the Institute for Behavioural Genetics at the University of Colorado discovered a gene, which they named “Age-1”, that regulated the worms’ ability to repair their cells.

By experimenting with mutations of this gene, they found that one mutation caused a remarkable improvement in the worms resistance to toxins, temperature fluctuations and ultraviolet radiation. The team believe that this major breakthrough represents the first step towards understanding how cells that degenerate in later life can be repaired.

They hope that, within the next decade, the human equivalent of Age-1 will be understood, enabling human life to be prolonged by more than 40 years.

In December 1995, it was reported that Dr Barbara Bregman and a team from the Universities of Zurich and Georgetown in Washington DC had also made another major breakthrough, which was hailed as the holy grail of neurobiology. It had been thought that it was biologically impossible to regenerate the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (unlike other body tissues), once they were damaged.

However, Bregman discovered that, by using antibodies, she could block the action of inhibitor chemicals which prevented the nerve cells of rats from growing. In this way, she successfully managed to restore the growth potential which the rats’ cells had when they were young.

Meanwhile, a team of scientists in France, led by Dr Francois Schachter, has been studying the human immune system - identified earlier as a genetic weak link - by a painstaking comparison of French centenarians DNA to a control sample of the general population.

Schachter has already found one gene, named “HLA-DR”, which is far more prevalent in the centenarian group. Schachter’s colleague Marie-Laure Muiras is one of many scientists who are studying ways to reduce the damage caused by free radicals. Muiras has found in the centenarian group a gene, named “PARP”, which may be responsible for specifying the DNA repair process. If we could fully understand this genetic system, we could consider the creation of genes which specified a super-efficient maintenance system.

An alternative defense against ageing is to fend off the free radicals before they cause any damage.

Professor Rajinder Sohal (mentioned earlier) has injected fruit flies with genes which protect their cells against oxygen attack, and has already successfully increased their life spans by one third.

Dong Wallace (also mentioned earlier) thinks it may be possible to overcome the effect of the free radicals by assembling a cocktail of chemicals which form a barrier around the cells. Finally, we return to the telomeres, where further research may stand the best chance of a revolutionary breakthrough.

Scientists working for the Geron Corporation are confident that the telomeres are the clocking mechanism that determines the life of the cell. They are also quietly confident that it may be possible to influence the length of a telomere. This would be a dramatic development, with the possibility of preventing the vast majority of genetic copying errors arising in the first place, as well as enabling the restoration of youth to already senescent cells.

If we can eliminate the effect of the free radicals, indefinitely extend the number of cell divisions, and possibly even restore growth to nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, what limits would there be to human life?

Even if we were to suffer disfiguring accidents, new breakthroughs in tissue engineering could step in to preserve our bodies.
Are these dreams of human longevity just pie in the sky, or do the mechanisms exist to make the dream come true?
It is all very well experimenting with rats, but how do we get new genetic material into the human cells where it really matters?
The solution lies in another new technology of the late twentieth century - gene therapy.

***What is gene therapy?

The basic concept is to introduce corrective genes to cure damaged cells. Almost every illness is due to the improper functioning of one or more genes. Gene therapy would provide a cure by inserting a new gene into the damaged cells; the new gene would take whatever corrective action was necessary.

In cancer patients, for example, it might instruct the production of the protein which would kill off the malignant cells. The challenge for the genetic scientists is to deliver the gene to the right cell location. Research is now focussing on the use of viruses to act as the delivery mechanism.

Due to their innate ability to attack and invade cells, the virus is the perfect natural carrier. In theory the virus can be reprogrammed to neutralize the viral infection and to carry instead a new cargo of corrective genetic material. A team of British scientists recently announced the use of the herpes virus to target the central nervous system (including the brain), thus offering a potential delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Expectations from gene therapy are running high. Up to four thousand illnesses are caused by damage to a single gene.

Laboratory trials are being conducted all around the world on how to deal with a number of the more serious conditions, including Aids, Haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and vascular disease, as well as various forms of cancer. Impatient critics are quick to point out that no-one has yet had a disease cured solely by the use of gene therapy, but in truth the research is still in its very early stages, and a number of challenges still need to be overcome.

The Sunday Times probably struck the right note of realism when it described gene therapy as a:
“burgeoning area of medicine that is destined to become a commonplace treatment over the next 50 years”.
Although primarily designed for the treatment of illnesses, gene therapy offers the potential delivery mechanism for some of the longevity improvements which we have discussed.

The perfection of this treatment is proceeding alongside the deciphering of the human genome and the search for the entire sequence of longevity gents, with a potential coming together in the early part of the 21st century.

In the words of one of the most eminent scientists in the field, Dr Francois Schachter:
“There is no reason why we should not extend the maximum human life span. We are very close to having the technology, and the pieces of the jigsaw are rapidly falling into place.”
Back to Origen de la Vida y el Hombre

***Pure Genes of the Gods
As we stand on the threshold of a huge breakthrough in ageing science, we have to ask ourselves whether the Gods, who created us, have been here before us.

In chapter 2, I set out clear evidence that our genes - the genes we inherited from the Gods have evolved over a long and peaceful period - elsewhere.

However, although the laws of natural selection would statistically favour the development of longevity genes, it is difficult to imagine that the Gods naturally acquired life spans of hundreds of thousands of years. The feasible solution to this puzzle must lie in the artificial mutation of their genes, a process which we ourselves are now beginning to contemplate for the first time.

We are thus at a point in history where we can - for the first time - begin to take seriously the textual evidence that the Gods appeared to be immortal. A strange feature of the Mesopotamian texts dealing with the affairs of the Gods is their preoccupation with having offspring by a half-sister. Under the Gods’ rules of succession, the progeny of such an alliance became the legal heir in preference to the first-born son.

As we have seen, it was this practice that caused bitter rivalry between the brothers Enlil and Enki. One text describes the maneuvers of Enki in attempting to produce a male heir by his half-sister Ninharsag. This rule of succession also led to the rivalry between the Egyptian Gods Osiris and Seth.

Such a practice seems strange to us because it verges on incest, and indeed there are good scientific reasons why incest is prohibited. Once again the answer lies in the genes. Most harmful genes are recessive by nature - that is to say that they are dominated by an equivalent safe gene. Generally speaking, we need to inherit two copies of the recessive gene, one from each parent, for the disease to have any effect.

Producing offspring from a close relative thus increases the risk of the child receiving two copies of the same recessive. Why then were the Gods not only unconcerned about inbreeding, but positively in favour of it? The answer can only be that the genes of the Gods were pure and contained no harmful imperfections.

Furthermore, we could go so far as to speculate that the genetic improvements in longevity were reserved only for the ruling elite among the Gods.

This assumption explains the rather strange meaning of the name of the Babylonian God MAR.DUK - “Son of the Pure Mound” indicating the genetic purity of his father Enki, and in particular those genes associated with longevity.

Our ancestors were unfortunately not aware of the dangers of inbreeding, and continued to emulate the Gods’ practice of marrying half-sisters. Abraham, for instance, boasted that his wife was also his sister, whilst the Egyptian pharaohs and the Inca rulers are also thought to have carried out similar practices. Earlier I recounted examples which showed that the Gods did seem to suffer the effects of ageing.

This idea is further supported by the retirement phase which Enlil and Enki went through when they set up the precessional ages to give the younger Gods the chance to govern. It would thus seem that whatever genetic improvements they had made, there was still an inexorable state of deterioration. If this was the case, then we would expect to find evidence of further attempts to slow down the ageing process - steps above and beyond the original, artificial creation of the genes and their ancestral preservation through incest.

We are talking here of a maintenance system, directly equivalent to the modern fight against free radicals. And that is exactly what we find! It has long been assumed that Egyptian depictions of Gods being served with cups (contents unknown) symbolized their immortality. The ancient artist would hardly bother to commemorate the event if it was not important.

The symbolic importance of the cup of immortality is also evident from numerous Mesopotamian tombs, where archaeologists have found bodies lying with the hand holding a cup to the mouth, as if the dead were about to drink.

These burials included various other accoutrements for day-to-day life, implying an association of the cup with eternal life in the hereafter. The cultural comparison with Egypt hardly requires elaboration.

Does the ancient Egyptian association of Gods and cups represent an eye witness account of the Gods consuming anti-ageing substances?

Such observation may have occurred not necessarily in Egypt but in nearby Mesopotamia, where the kings and high priests lived alongside their Gods. One source of this esoteric knowledge may have been the Sumerian king Gilgamesh.

Tablet X of The Epic of Gilgamesh describes his journey to the land of the Gods, where he meets Utnapishtim (Noah).

In Tablet XI, Utnapishtim relates to Gilgamesh the story of the Flood, and then gives to the departing hero a plant called “the old man becomes young”:
“Gilgamesh, I will reveal unto thee a hidden thing,
namely, a secret of the Gods I will tell thee:
there is a plant like a thorn...
Like a rose its thorns will prick thy hands.
If thy hands will obtain that plant, thou wilt find new life.”
Another Sumerian text, dealing with the tale of Adapa - a “Model Man” created by Ea/Enki - describes his trip to Nibiru, the planet of the Gods. Here, we find references to “the water of life” and “the bread of life”.

Finally, there is the Garden of Eden with its Tree of Life which offered potential immortality to Adam and Eve.

Let us now return to the Garden of Eden, where all of the legends, ancient texts and depictions join with the latest scientific evidence to allow, for the first time, a full understanding of this historic event.

***The Adam’s Designer Genes
Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made.

He said to the woman,
“Did God really say, 'You must not eat from any tree in the garden.'”
The woman said to the serpent,
"We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden," but God did say, “You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and you must not touch it, or you will die."

“You will not surely die", the serpent said to the woman. “For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.”
In the absence of the original Mesopotamian story, it is difficult to know how literally to take the highly symbolized Biblical account.

The basic essence of the story, however, is clear - a fruit or drug is forbidden, but then consumed, leading to sexual “knowledge”. In the context of the Bible this “knowledge” is clearly sexual knowledge. Why was sexual knowledge such a dangerous thing for the newly emerging humans to have?

The answer lies in the earliest creation of man before he was placed in the Garden of Eden the Atra-Hasis account of the creation using fourteen birth-Goddesses. In chapter 2, I compared this process to the cloning of a genetically engineered hybrid of Homo erectus and a God.

A common feature of hybrids, whether natural such as the mule or unnatural (in the laboratory), is sterility. Whilst two different species with similar chromosomal structure can produce offspring, the biological process is not sufficiently accurate to specify the special characteristics of the sex cells which permit further procreation by those offspring.

It is thus extremely likely that the original combination of Home erectus and God was a sterile hybrid - unless the Gods wished it otherwise.

In chapter 2, I mentioned that humans have 46 chromosomes, whilst chimpanzees and gorillas have 48. This fundamental difference is a mystery to evolutionary science. In the words of geneticist Steve Jones, it is as if “two chromosomes are fused together in the line leading to humans”.

Given the clear signs of sophisticated genetics, it was not impossible for the Gods to create a hybrid with full sexual capability. The question is - did Enki wish mankind to have sexual knowledge? To answer that, we have to revisit the question of why man was created in the first place.

As uncomfortable as it may seem, all of the Mesopotamian texts indicate that man was originally created as a slave race to relieve the “toil” of the Gods. These claims are indeed repeated in our encyclopaedias, under the heading of religious myth, but it is a fact that the Hebrew word for worship, avod, literally means “Work”!

The Sumerian texts consistently called these earliest beings LU.LU, which also had the connotation of worker or servant. Before Adam acquired sexual knowledge and was expelled from Eden, the Bible speaks of man as “The Adam”. In Genesis 1:26, for example, the Hebrew word for “man” is Adama.

This is derived from the Hebrew words for blood (adamu) and red (adom), and thus means “the red blooded one”. These Biblical references to “The Adam” as a general category carry clear connotations of the earliest LU.LU. What was the required genetic design for these LU.LU?

I would like to save a discussion of the Gods’ “toil” until chapter 14, but suffice to say for now that he had to pick up tools and follow simple instructions. He therefore needed to be strong, obedient and easy to control. Sexual desire would not have been a helpful trait and would thus have been genetically repressed.

Whilst Zecharia Sitchin can largely be credited with providing the breakthrough in our understanding of the LU.LU creation process and its background, he does not explain the need for creation of the woman to work alongside the man. Without wishing to be sexist, the “toil” was hard, even for the Gods!

The answer I believe lies in the reference to Eve in Genesis 2 as “a helper”. As I asked myself how could the woman “help”, the answer became clear. She was intended to relieve the toil, not of the Gods, but of the birth-Goddesses! As mentioned in chapter 1, the creation of Eve took place not from the man’s rib but from his essence - his DNA.

The operation thus involved an adjustment to the 23rd chromosome pair that defines the human sexual characteristics. Males carry a 23rd chromosome which is known as X-y, whilst females carry an X-X. As a hybrid, it is possible that the original male LU.LU may have possessed an X-X-y, a rare condition that exists today in some men and causes them to be sterile.

If this was the case, then woman may have literally been taken out of man, as the Bible claims, by deleting a “y” from the 23rd chromosome! By thus creating a female with maternal (but presumably not sexual) abilities, further females could be cloned to take on the role of receiving implanted cloned eggs to bring forth the required number of cloned males. One further point merits discussion at this juncture.

What life span was Enki to grant to the newly created workers?

If we accept that one half of the LU.LU’s genes came from a God, then the potential existed to use the Gods’ longevity to the full. In my view, for reasons which will become clear in the next chapter, the LU.LU’s longevity was initially fixed at around 100,000 years.

**Eden and the Forbidden Fruit
We now have a detailed background from which to interpret the Biblical events of the Garden of Eden. Immediately several things become clear.

First, the creation story of Eve from Adam has been recorded out of sequence in the Bible, and belongs to the preceding period when The Adam was created in the Western Eden.

This must be so, because there would have been no point in Enki repeating his original feat of genetic engineering, from scratch, in a second location. Secondly, mankind’s acquisition of sexual knowledge in Eden fits perfectly with his original status as a sterile hybrid. And thirdly, the presence of the Serpent, representing the scientific genius of the Enkiite Gods, is a stunning detail of consistency, which suggests that a deliberate genetic change bestowed sexual knowledge on Adam and Eve.

Furthermore, the background to Eden, described in The Myth of the Pickaxe, provides a clear motive for the serpent-God, generally thought to be Enki himself, to act against Enlil, who had seized the Black-headed Ones from Enki without his permission.

Having established the motive, did Enki have the opportunity to carry out the act?

In my view he did, and here is my theory.

Although he had obtained some male workers by force, Enlil remained powerless to expand his newly acquired labour force to the required numbers. For that he required females. Even if he had also seized some females (who were fewer in number and would have probably been secured inside Enki’s medical facilities), he needed the knowledge of Enki to carry out the cloning procedure.

Thus it was inevitable that Enlil should try to persuade Enki to come to Mesopotamia and grant him an independent genetic laboratory. Enki thus had the opportunity to plan a spiteful trick on Enlil. When he arrived in the eastern Eden, Enki brought with him the necessary equipment and medical staff, and oversaw the construction of a medical centre. Most importantly, he brought a female, or more likely two females, to set up the cloning operation.

When everything was prepared, Enki then suggested (as one would) that he carry out the first two operations to show Enlil how it was done. One male and one female embryo were then implanted into the two female LU.LUs. But little did Enlil realize that Enki had genetically altered these two embryos to give them full sexual awareness and reproductive capabilities! At this point we shall call these two individuals Adam and Eve.

When Adam and Eve began to grow up, they were as children sexually unaware, and would have played innocently in “the Garden”, which more accurately would have been a secure wing of the hospital facility. Then one day the sex genes kicked in (as they do) and the two pubescent children realized that they were naked, and clothed themselves to hide their embarrassment.

They then hid from the Lord God (Enlil) who was walking in the Garden “in the cool of the day” - possibly a reference to the building’s air-conditioning.

When Enlil saw Adam and Eve, he immediately realized the genetic trick which had been played on him. The conversations with the Serpent and with the Lord God, which are recorded in Genesis 3, are in my view attempts to impart some fictitious meaning to a text which was beyond the comprehension of those who wrote it.

The Biblical editors reconstructed the basic plot to carry a symbolic meaning, and that required the treatment of Adam and Eve as husband” and “wife”, together with the insertion of a dialogue which never existed.

What was Enlil to do with Adam and Eve? Their ability to reproduce independently had totally removed the control which he had sought over the worker population. Furthermore, if they were allowed to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Immortality, he would soon have a huge population explosion on his hands.

This explains the very real danger that forced Enlil to expel Adam and Eve from their secure surroundings, into the wilderness where they should fend for themselves. Without the heart to murder the blameless pair, he took the most acceptable option of placing them in a hostile environment where they themselves might survive, but would hopefully never successfully master the unlearned art of independent childbirth.

And in order to prevent unauthorized access to the medical facility and the Tree of Life, Enlil positioned there a “cherubim and a flaming sword" yet another Biblical reference to high technology. Sumerian depictions of the events in Eden suggest that the serpent-God was Enki himself, and that he was temporarily arrested for his unauthorized act.

As for Adam and Eve, the Bible states that they successfully mastered the practice of midwifery, but perhaps with some further Enkiite assistance, for Eve states that “with the help of the Lord I have brought forth a man”. The symbol of the Sumerian Goddess Ninharsag was the umbilical cutter, a reference that may reflect her assistance to Eve as well as her initial role in producing the LU.LU.

The Book of Jubilees relates that, after their expulsion from Eden, Adam and Eve returned to “the land of their creation” i.e. to Africa.

The rest, as they say, is history. The political bias of the Gods ensured that mankind received two conflicting accounts of the rights and wrongs of what happened in the Garden of Eden, depending on whether they learned of it from Enkiite or Enlilite sources. The Bible happens to be based on a text that blamed Enki for man’s loss of immortality - a fairly predictable line of criticism from an Enlilite source.

No doubt the blame attached to Eve also reflects a political or sexist bias at some remote point in time. Thus it was that LU.LU the hybrid became Adam the man.

As the progenitor of the human race, he was deprived of the chance to extend his years, but nevertheless managed a 93,000-year life span that might well be an inspiration to our twentieth century geneticists.

Chapter Twelve Conclusions
*The latest scientific findings demonstrate that ageing is purely a matter of genetics.
*The Gods lived hundreds of thousands of years but only appeared to be immortal .
*The Gods used gene therapy to enhance their longevity genes; they used half-sisters to prevent genetic drift; and they used cocktails of drugs to slow down the ageing effect of free radicals.
*Adam and Eve possessed some of the Gods longevity genes.